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Extended Chronology
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1552 |
Matteo Ricci was born at Macerata on October 6 from a historical family dating back to the 13th century. His father, Giovanni Battista, is an apothecary and he was engaged in administrative positions in Macerata Municipality. His mother, Giovanna Angiolelli, is devoted to the care of the family. Probably, Matteo was the first-born of eight brothers and four sisters.
He begins his studies from his earliest childhood at home, at first under the guidance of the priest Nicolò Bencivegni, then under the guidance of other tutors, after the entrance of Bencivegni into the Jesuit Order.
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| 1556 |
Death of Saint Ignatius. |
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| 1561 |
With the arrival of 13 fathers, the Jesuit Boarding School was opened in Macerata on Saint Ignatius wish. On January 29, 1556, he give the order that the best priests should be sent to Macerata in order for it “to be a city of fortune as it is“. At first Jesuits stayed in the Church of Saint Maria of the Virgini outside the city walls, then, after four years, they moved into the city and settled in the Church of Saint Giovanni that the Chapter of the cathedral assigned them. Jesuits stayed in the school, the present City Library, until the repeal of the order in 1773.
At the age of nine, Matteo begins his studies at the Jesuit School, where, at the age of fourteen, he ends the humanities. Soon the school reached 140 pupils, who came from the very important families of the city. In the school were the Blessed Rodolfo Acquaviva, Alessandro Valignano, Saint Roberto Bellarmino.
At that time, Macerata was a part of the Papal States, with a population of about 12,000. In 1540 Paulus III officially founded a University, through the conversion of a law studium which dates back to 1290. This University had the same rights as Bologna and Padua Universities
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| 1568 |
At the age of 16, Matteo was sent to study law at the “La Sapienza” University of Rome by his father. Giovanni Battista took this decision for these reasons: the unstable situation of the University of Macerata in these years due, in particular, to economic difficulties; his ambitions for the son’s future. |
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| 1568-1571 |
We have very scarce historical data for these years, in which Matteo Ricci attends the Law Faculty |
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| 1571 |
On August 15 Matteo asked to be admitted to the Novitiate of the Society of Jesus in the Church of Saint Andrea al Quirinale. He was accepted by Father Alessandro Valignano and the same day he signed the first document that remains of him.
He made his promise «with divine grace to observe all the constitutions and rules, and the way of life in the Society of Jesus, and to be indifferent and resigned in order to reach the degree and courtesy that the Society demands, and to be as obedient as possible to all the orders» (Verbale dell’esame di ammissione di M. Ricci alla Compagnia di Gesù).
His father set out for Rome with the resolution of making Matteo give up his choice as soon as he got the news that his son has decided to dedicate himself to religion. He stopped his trip in Tolentino, eighteen kilometers from Macerata, where he was seized by a strange fit of high fever, which he interpreted as God’s will to stop him from standing in the way of his son’s choice.
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| 1572 |
In January Matteo is sent to the Professa House, at the «Jesus», in order to practice humble house services.
On May 25, he makes his profession of faith. Then, he is sent to a boarding school in Tuscany, probably Florence. Sometimes Florence is mentioned in his letters as a reference of comparison in relation to some Chinese cities (Nanjing, for example).
In September he is in the Roman College, under the guidance of Cristoforo Clavio (mathematics and science), reformer of the Gregorian Calendar, and Roberto Bellarmino (dogmatics).
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| 1577 |
At the beginning of 1577, the new general of the Society, Father Everardo Mercuriano, decides to send new missionaries to the East in order to grant the urgent request of the procurator of the Missions in India, the Portuguese priest Martino from Silva. Ricci is one of those chosen person even if he is not yet a priest.
On May 18, after the benediction of Gregorio XIII, Ricci sets off on his voyage from Saint Andrea in Rome with Rodolfo Acquaviva, Francesco Pasio and Michele Ruggeri.
Without going back to Macerata, they go directly to Genoa; then they sail from Genoa to Cartagena, in Spain. Then, they travel by land to Lisbon where they arrived in July. Because of the Portuguese Patronage on the East Mission, it was possible to leave from Lisbon to the Far East only once a year, in spring. While Matteo Ricci is waiting to leave, on August he goes to Coimbra in a College of the Society where he studies theology and where he stays until March 1578. Moreover he has got the opportunity to learn the Portuguese language which he will use during coming years and that he practices much more than Italian in the end.
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| 1578 |
On March 24 Ricci sets out for Goa (a Portuguese Colony) on a galleon called «Saint Luigi» with 14 Jesuits. A heavy storm almost took the Galleon to the Brazilian Coast. At the Cape of Good Hope the galleon risked sinking. After about six months travel, they reached Goa on September 13. In Goa Francesco Saverio is buried. He died near China two months after Ricci’s birth. |
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| 1579 |
He lived in Goa teaching the humanities at the College of the Society. |
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| 1580 |
Ricci was sent to Cocin for health problems, where he taught the humanities for four or five months and here he was ordained. He celebrated the first Mass. (letters from Cocin from January to November). |
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| 1581 |
In Goa he studies theology of the second and third year. |
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| 1582 |
Father Michele Ruggeri, who is in Macau (a small peninsula on the east coast of China), requested that the young Ricci should be sent to Macau as soon as possible because of the difficulties he was facing with the language. Alessandro Valignano, visitor of the Mission of the East, sends Ricci to Macau in order to study Chinese and to get ready to enter China. Ricci left Goa with Father Francesco Pasio on April 26 and reached Macao on August 7 the same year after a short break in Cocin and another in Malacca for two weeks. He takes with him «un horologio da rote assai bello, che gli haveva donato il p. Proposito dell’India, per valersene alla China» (E,XIV). During the voyage from Malacca to Macau, Ricci is taken ill with a disease so serious that he is on the verge of death; «ma dipoi, con la gratia d’Iddio, in terra mi ritrovai bene» (L,45).
There he concentrated on Chinese.
«Arrivassimo in questo porto della Cina in agosto e stessimo poco più d'un mese in mare [...] Subito mi detti alla lingua cina [...] Quanto al parlare è tanto equivoca che tiene molte parole che significano più di mille cose et alle volte non vi è altra differenza tra l'una e l'altra che pronunciarsi con voce più alta o più bassa in quattro differentie de toni; e così quando parlano alle volte tra loro per potersi intendere scrivono quello che vogliono dire; chè nella lettera sono differenti l'una dell'altra [...] la scrittura cinese ha tante lettere quante sono le parole o le cose, di modo che passano di settanta mila, e tutte sono molto differenti e imbrugliate [...]; il loro scrivere più tosto è pingere; e così scrivono con pennello come i nostri pintori». (L,45).
In the meanwhile he witnessed that the several attempts on the part of his fellow Jesuits to enter China turned out to be failures, Ruggieri (June 1582), Ruggieri-Pasio (September /October 1582), Ruggieri-Pasio (July 1583) (TV, Lett. 2B, 32-34).
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| 1583 |
«Tra un mese entrerò in Cina, se non m’inganno» he says in a letter dated February 13...But Ruggieri–Pasio’s third attempt to reach China, without Ricci, fails in July of the same year.
On this occasion Ricci writes that the Fathers returned to Macau «con la speranza, quasi tutta persa di potersi mai conseguire questa entrata e stata nella Cina, e molto manco mentre durava questo Viceré,…» (E,124).
Then Ricci and Ruggieri, with the permission of viceroy Co and escorted by one of his soldiers, walk to Zhaoqing, in the province of Canton, where they arrive on September 10. They are well accepted by the city governor Wang Pan and they begin to build their first house and their first church that are finished in 1585.
«…con occasione di un horiuolo di ferro,[…] alfine fussimo admessi nella città di Sciaochino, città nobile dove risiede il vicerè di queste prime provincie della Cina, che loro chiamano Quantum» (L,158).
As they are foreigners, the condition of having a plot of land on which to build a house with a chapel is accepting to a[dopt bonze dress and shaving their beards and hair.
Comments on China:
«Darò nova solamente della Cina, dove al presente mi ritruovo […] per essere questa la maggior maraviglia che in questo Oriente si ritruova di cose naturali e soprannaturali» (L,111).
«…la Cina è differentissima delle altre terre e genti, percioché è gente savia, data alle lettere e puoco alla guerra, è di grande ingegno e sta adesso più che mai dubia delle sue religioni o superstitioni...» (L,362).
« Per essere questa terra grande e stesa, non solo da Levante a Ponente, come la nostra Europa, ma anco dal settentrione al mezzo giorno produce tutta insieme più varietà di cose che altra nessuna;…» (E,12)
«…questo ampissimo regno sta tutto dato in lettere, cioè in composizioni eleganti, che se fossero scientie sarebbe manco male, e così l'armi sono in bassissima stima» (L,325).
«…la terra è tutta divisa per fiumi navigabili, maggiori che il Po; talché di qui a Pechino, che è la corte del Re, che sono tre mesi di cammino, tutto si può andare per barca e con barche molto grandi, nella bellezza delle quali ben gli possiamo cedere noi di Europa e tutte le altre nazioni…» (L,112).
In Zhaoqing they were not received with hospitality at all:
Ricci was accused of child trafficking and for selling them into slavery in Macau.
Ruggeri was accused to have raped the wife of a young convert.
A council of elders in Canton («i satrapi di Canton») the accusation of intend to establish a subversive center brought against the Fathers.
Ricci writes to De Fabi:
«Un anno fui accusato e menato al governatore per ladrone di fanciulli per mandarli a vendere nelle nostre terre; l'altro anno fu accusato il mio compagno di altra cosa anco peggiore, […]Molte volte fossimo posti in sospetto de spioni, non da gente bassa se non dei più vecchi e satrapi della metropoli di Cantone, della quale con molta fatica scappassimo; altre volte furono poste polize infami contra di noi per la città; altre volte assaltata la casa con molte sassate e danno della casa e delle nostre persone,
oltre le molte ingiurie che è cosa quotidiana, che ci dicono sempre per le piazze
e per le strade quando passiamo. Facci conto che il demonio ci tratta come
suoi adversarij capitali che ci tiene in sua casa» (L,160-1).
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| 1589 |
In July the new viceroy of Zhaoqing decides to seize the Fathers’ house, whose European style made it a wonder of the city. He offers a symbolic amount of money that is refused by Ricci. They are ready to return to Macau after saying goodbye to about 80 Christians they have converted in their six years there. They were leaving for Macau in a boat when the viceroy sends them message that he did not want to expel them, but to send them on to another city. Ricci asks to be sent to Shaozhou. On August 26 1589, the missionaries got to Shaozhou, where they built their second residence.
«Partendo la seconda volta di Sciaochino ce ne venissimo in questa città di Sciaoceo, e rifacessimo di novo un'altra casa et un'altra chiesa assai migliore che quella di Sciaochino, e ritrovassimo questa gente più benevola e cominciassimo anco a fare alcuni christiani» (L,161).
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| 1591 |
The city is not very clean and healthy due to malaria and soon, within two years, two fellow Jesuits died, De Almeida (October 17 1591) and De Petris (November 5 1593). |
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| 1592 |
In July the house is attacked by young hoodlums living in a pagoda nearby. Ricci got his foot injured in defence of the house. |
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| 1594 |
Ricci came to understand that to succeed in his mission it is necessary to be able to write in Chinese and to print books:
«Più si fa nella Cina con libri che con parole» (L,470).
«…quest'anno mi determinai pigliare un maestro, [...] per vedere se poteva cominciare a comporre alcuna cosa, e mi riuscitte assai bene. [...] e così cominciai un libro delle cose della nostra fede, tutto di ragioni naturali, per distribuirlo per tutta la Cina quando si stamparà» (L,189).
Ricci translates the First Book of Euclid‘s Elements.
«…voltai in latino il principale libro morale di questi regni, […] (i Quattro libri di quattro filosofi assai buoni,) cosa che si può leggere, per esser tutto fatto di sententie morali assai acute e buone» (L,192).
They decide to abandon the name of bonze.
«…determinassimo sbandire il nome di bonzo, con che sin hora ci avevano chiamato in questo regno, che è tra loro come frate, ma cosa molto bassa; [...] (la setta) de’ bonzi [...] è la più bassa per esser di gente povera senza studio de lettere [...] per questo, per più che ci autorizzassemo, molti fanno scornio di noi, e i letterati non ci vogliono dare luoghi che conviene [...] perché nessun gentilhuomo tratta con bonzo familiarmente,…» (L,309).
He dresses as a literary figure, as written by Matteo:
«Io vo nell'abito proprio de' letterati, il quale è una veste paonazza bruna, colle maniche molto larghe e aperte; e quasi al lembo giù a' ìiedi, per tutto intorno girata d'una fascia, larga meglio di mezzo palmo, di color turchin chiaro: e la medesima cinge all'orlo le maniche e il bavero che scende giù fino alle reni; La cintura, piana e cucita in parte alla veste, è della medesima materia e colore che i lembi, solo un non so che diversamente orlata; come altresì due strisce che dall'annodatura ne pendono, distese giù fino ai piedi. I calzari sono di seta con certi lor fregi e divise proprie di tal grado; La berretta va più alto che la nostra d'Europa, e in diverso colore e somiglia un non so che le mitre de' vescovi» (L,539-40).
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| 1595 |
Matteo decides in the end to try to realize what always attracted him as an aim from the beginning, on which Valignano agrees: to get to Beijing. He wrote: «Intesi sempre che non si può far niente di buono in questo regno da’ nostri sino a tanto che non facciamo stanza in Pachino…» (L,277).
In the same year, a powerful mandarin passes Shaozhou. Seeing that the Mandarin took his son who was ill with him, Ricci tries to make friends with him, so that he could find an excuse to take care of his son. After knowing that the Mandarin had to take up office in Beijing, Ricci managed to convince him to take him along, but what he obtained was no more than to accompany him to Nanjing, with a letter of good passage. When they were traveling along the River Gan, Ricci’s boat was upturned by white water at Tianzhu Tan, and by a stroke of fortune the missionary was saved. Barradas, a Chinese man who is traveling with Ricci, was unfortunately drowned. On May 13 Ricci gets to Nanjing after leaving the River Gan and entering the Yangtze. They were driven away rudely by a Mandarin with the charge of plotting against the Chinese institutions and subverting the social order in China. On June 28, Ricci went back to Nanchang, capital of Jiangxi, where they had their third residence.
In this city he became good friends of two princes, the Prince of Lin’an and the Prince of Jian’an. In Nanchang, Ricci received a warm welcome from the man of letters as a result of his broad knowledge of Western sciences and a deep understanding of the Chinese classics. Providentially he was on good terms with the Minister of Protocol. Coming to realize Ricci’s great competence in mathematical calculation, he wants to take him to the capital to revise the Chinese calendar.
«E' questa città una delle più principali e nobili della Cina, non solo per esser metropoli di sì nobile provincia, ma anco per esser in se stessa bella, grande e di grandissimi ingegni, per il che di qui escono molti grandi huomini a governare vari luoghi della Cina» (L,279).
Ricci decides to change his name and the clothes of the bonze into dress men of letters with the hope of gaining the recognition of important men in the kingdom. He learns to write in Chinese and began to publish the first works in Chinese, including Treatise on Friendship (1595) and The Memory Palace (1569).
«Perchè i letterati e principali di questa terra fanno poco caso de' Bonzi, che vanno di capelli e barba rasa, e stanno ne' tempj d'idoli, per non parere simile a loro lasciai crescere la barba e, usando de veste di letterato, mi posi in forma come de' suoi predicatori letterati, andando accompagnato da servi, et alle visite principali levato in sedia…» (L,324).
Per la memoria locale, che molti mi chiedevano, feci in sua lingua e lettera alcuni avisi e precetti in un libretto …» (L,336)
«L'anno passato per esercitio feci in littra cina alcuni detti De Amicitia, scielti i migliori de' nostri libri ...» (L,337).
«Questa Amicitia mi ha dato più credito a me et alla nostra Europa di quanto abbiamo fatto; perchè l'altre cose danno credito di cose mecaniche e artificiose di mano e di instromenti; ma questa dà insieme credito di lettere, di ingegno e di virtude; e così è letta e ricevuta da tutti con grande applauso e già la stampano in due luoghi». (L,363-4).
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| 1597 |
Ricci was nominated superior of the mission.
Valignano put forward that Ricci try his best to settle in Beijing.
Ricci got the order from Valignano to leave for Beijing.
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| 1598 |
He failed to settle in Beijing.
Thanks to the Minister of Protocol who wished Ricci to reform the Chinese calendar, on June 25 Ricci leaves Nanchang to go to Nanjing first, then he gets to Beijing on September 7. Meanwhile, all foreigners were held under suspicion following the Japanese invasion of Korea. After arriving in Beijing, Ricci decided to leave and go back in order to save what he had achieved until then. He left Beijing, and got back to Nanjing by way of Suzhou (in Jiangsu Province) and Danyang
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| 1599 |
After he returned to Nanjing in February, he decided to establish another residence in the city. At that time there was no more alarm about the dangerous spies, since Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in September the year before and the war with Japan ended.
«Questo è quel Nanchino che vogliano li Cini che sia la maggior e più bella città di tutto il mondo. Et io nel vero confesserò che sia la migliore di tutti questi regni orientali, et osarei dire che a poche città del mondo sia inferiore...» (L,275).
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| 1600 |
The arrival of the two fellow Jesuits from Macau, Lazzaro Cattaneo and Diego de Pantoja, and the favourite opinions from mandarins in Nanjing encouraged Ricci to set out for Beijing again with Pantoja (May 19 1600). The Fathers were stopped and arrested by the powerful eunuch Ma Tang and were kept in the fortress of Tianjing for six months. |
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| 1601 |
Here the was the missionary’s position consolidated once and for all thanks to his presents for the emperor, including in particular oil paintings. During his stay in Beijing, a few officials of the highest rank in the Chinese civil and military units were converted Christians, including Yang Tingjun (1557-1627) and Feng Yingjing (1555–1606) who died without baptism, while Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), Gelao, was baptized in 1603 Paolo by Father João da Rocha, and Li Zhizao (1565–1630) Leone in 1610. Besides protecting the missionaries, they all took a very active part in collaborating with Ricci in translating some European scientific works into Chinese and in the compilation of the World Map which Ricci has made famous throughout China.
«Io mi ritrovo in questa corte di Pachino assai vicino ai Tartari, e par che qui finirò la mia vita, percioché il re mostra voglia che io stia qui e ci sostenta e difende…» (L,389).
«Noi entriamo nel palazzo tutte le volte che vogliamo, ma sempre procuriamo entrarvi con qualche occasione, o di vedere come stanno i due horiuoli che dessimo al re, o altra cosa simile...» (L,502).
Ricci gave the emperor a clavichord as a present and composed Eight Songs.
«De instrumenti musici hanno e copia e varietà, ma non hanno organi né gravicembali o Manicordi. […] Con tutto ciò stanno stupiti de gli organi et altri stromenti de’ nostri, che sin adesso potero vedere.» (E,22)
«Il mio esercitio è continuamente fare e ricevere visite di gentiluomini, che di continuo vengono a domandar delle cose di nostra fede e delle nostre scienze [...]. Restano stupiti dei libri d'immagine che pensano che siano scolpite e non possono credere che siano dipinte.» (L,391-2).
«Come io qua con questi mappamondi, horiuoli, sphere e astrolabij et altre opre, che ho fatte e insegnate, venni a guadagnar nome del maggior matematico che ha nel mondo, e se bene non ho qua nessun libro di astrologia, con certe efemeridi e repertorij portoghesi, alle volte predico le eclissi assai più puntuali che loro;…» (L,408).
«…e così tutti ci cedono in questa materia e ci tengono rispetto più che ordinario;…» (L,496).
«Il nostro dottor Paolo prima di gire a sua terra a sepellire suo padre Leone, che era morto, conforme al custume di questa terra, fece stampare i sei primi libri di Euclide, che avevamo l’anno passato insieme voltato in lettera cinese; e fu cosa di grande maraviglia, in questo mondo di qua mai più vista, tal modo di libro e maniera di provare e dimostrare sì evidentemente.» (L,487).
«Io nel vero non posso promettermi molti anni, e già sto bianco tutto, e questi Cinesi si maravigliano che in età non molto provetta io sia sì vecchio, e non sanno che loro sono la causa dei miei cani capelli» (L,401).
«…doppo che la Cina è Cina mai vi è memoria che nessun forastiere stesse in essa come noi stiamo;…» (L,362).
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| 1602 |
Third reprint of Ricci’s Map of the world. |
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| 1603 |
Ricci prints the Treatise The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (Genuina nozione del Signore del Cielo.) |
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| 1605 |
Published the Summary of the Christian Doctrine and Twenty-five Moral Sayings.. |
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| 1607 |
Published the translation of the first six books of Euclid’s Elements, in collaboration with his friend, Xu Guangqi. |
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| 1608 |
Printed Ten paradoxes or Ten Discourses by a Paradoxical Man and in the same year, as he felt his life coming to the end, he began to edit The story of the entry of Society of Jesus in China and Christianity in China. |
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| 1610 |
May 11 died in Beijing after a brief illness. The emperor granted him a plot of land for his tomb, which had never before happened in Chinese History.
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